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To prove that a consistent heuristic has a value of 0 on a goal state, we can follow these steps: 1. Definition of Consistent Heuristic: A heuristic $ h(n) $ is considered consistent (or monotonic) if, for every node $ n $ and every successor $ n' $ of $ n $, the following condition holds: \[ h(n) \leq c(n, n') + h(n') \] where $ c(n, n') $ is the cost of the edge from node $ n $ to its successor $ n' $. 2. Goal State Definition: A goal state $ G $ is defined as the state where the search algorithm terminates successfully. 3. Heuristic Value at Goal State: By definition of the heuristic, the value at the goal state should represent the estimated cost to reach the goal from that state. Since the goal state is the final destination, the cost to reach the goal from itself is 0. Therefore, we have: \[ h(G) = 0 \] 4. Applying Consistency: To further reinforce this, we can apply the consistency condition to the goal state: - Let $ n $ be any node that has $ G $ as a successor. The cost $ c(n, G) $ is the cost to reach the goal state from $ n $. - By the consistency property, we can write: \[ h(n) \leq c(n, G) + h(G) \] Since $ h(G) = 0 $, it simplifies to: \[ h(n) \leq c(n, G) \] This means that the heuristic value at any node $ n $ is less than or equal to the cost to reach the goal, which is consistent with our understanding of heuristics. 5. Conclusion: Since the goal state is defined such that reaching it from itself incurs no cost, and since a consistent heuristic must satisfy the above conditions, we conclude that: \[ h(G) = 0 \] Thus, we have proven that a consistent heuristic has a value of 0 on a goal state.

2025-04-02 14:46:30 By Mary Martinez

A heuristic is considered consistent if the estimated cost from a given state to the goal is less than or equal to the actual cost of the optimal path leading from that state to the goal.

No, that is the definition of an admissable heuristic. A consistent heuristic is one which satisfies the triangle inequality:

$$ h(N) \leq c(N,P) + h(P) \\ h(G) = 0 $$

To prove that a consistent heuristic has a value of 0 at a goal state, we can follow these steps: 1. **Definition of a Goal State**: A goal state in a search problem is defined as a state where the objective is achieved. In terms of cost, the cost to reach the goal from itself is zero. 2. **Consistent Heuristic**: A heuristic $ h(n) $ is said to be consistent (or monotonic) if, for every node $ n $ and every successor $ n' $ of $ n $, the following condition holds: \[ h(n) \leq c(n, n') + h(n') \] where $ c(n, n') $ is the cost of the edge from $ n $ to $ n' $. 3. **Applying Definition at Goal State**: Let’s denote the goal state as $ g $. By the nature of the goal state, the cost to reach the goal from the goal itself is zero, i.e., $ c(g, g) = 0 $. 4. **Using Consistency**: Now, we can apply the consistency condition at the goal state. Since $ g $ has no successors (or the only successor is itself), we can consider $ n = g $ and $ n' = g $: \[ h(g) \leq c(g, g) + h(g) \] Substituting $ c(g, g) = 0 $ into the inequality gives us: \[ h(g) \leq 0 + h(g) \] This simplifies to: \[ h(g) \leq h(g) \] which is trivially true. 5. **Conclusion**: However, since the heuristic must also be non-negative for all states (as it estimates the cost to reach the goal), we have: \[ h(g) \geq 0 \] Combining these two results, we conclude that: \[ h(g) = 0 \] Thus, a consistent heuristic must have a value of 0 at the goal state.

This is included in the definition of a consistent heuristic as mentioned earlier. While it is also obviously applicable to admissible heuristics, demonstrating this is not required to establish that consistent heuristics are indeed admissible. To prove this, one can apply induction based on the equations provided above (a complete proof is available on the Wikipedia page).

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A Falcon 9 launch from Vandenberg Space Force Base is scheduled for Thursday evening.

View pictures in App save up to 80% data. KEYT VANDENBERG SPACE FORCE BASE, California – SpaceX has revealed that the Falcon 9 rocket will be launching the NROL-135 mission from Vandenberg Space Force Base on Thursday, January 9, at 7:52 PM. SpaceX announced that a backup launch window is set for the next day, Friday, January 10, at 7:34 p.m. A live webcast of the mission will begin about ten minutes before liftoff that you can watch here. After the initial stage separation, the Falcon 9 booster designated for the mission will make its way back to Earth, landing on the Of Course I Still Love You drone ship that is positioned in the Pacific Ocean. The illustration provided by SpaceX outlines the sequence of actions intended for the booster, ranging from launch to landing. View pictures in App save up to 80% data. This will be the 22nd flight for the booster on this mission which previously launched: NROL-87, NROL-85, SARah-1, SWOT, Transporter-8, Transporter-9, NROL-146, Bandwagon-2, and 13 Starlink satellite launches. JOIN THE DISCUSSION News Channel 3-12 is dedicated to fostering a platform for respectful and meaningful dialogue. Please keep your comments respectful and relevant. You can review our Community Guidelines by clicking here If you would like to share a story idea, please submit it here.

The Unity Earth Science course has launched the Genesis Arboretum.

View pictures in App save up to 80% data. Students Claire Van Voorst and Eve Baart, both in their junior year, are busy digging a hole for a sapling at Unity Christian High School as they work together to establish an arboretum. ORANGE CITY—This fall, Unity Christian High School welcomed 26 new trees to its campus, thanks to the efforts of Kevin Haan’s earth science class, who successfully achieved their dream of creating the Genesis Arboretum. The foundation of the project was established last year. "Haan mentioned that in last year's earth science class, the primary focus was on obtaining permission to initiate a tree planting project, aiming ultimately to establish an arboretum. The students dedicated their efforts to all the preparatory work necessary for this initiative." During the 2023-24 academic year, students in Haan's earth science class explored the numerous advantages of trees, identified suitable planting sites, and showcased the ways in which an arboretum could foster interdisciplinary learning experiences. They compiled their findings into a formal proposal and delivered a 30-minute presentation to Unity Christian's superintendent, director of learning, and head groundskeeper, effectively making their case. “To make a long story short, they agreed and now offer landscaping services along with a wide selection of plants, shrubs, and trees.” As the arboretum initiative started to take shape, it was evident that a name was necessary. Students proposed various options and held a vote to decide. Ultimately, they chose the name Genesis Arboretum, referencing the opening book of the Bible, which describes how “The Lord God made all kinds of trees grow out of the ground — trees that were pleasing to the eye and good for food.” Haan mentioned that the name also embodies his school’s dedication to stewardship and responsible caretaking. "We serve as guardians and caretakers of creation. Our goal is to convey two important ideas to the students: firstly, that this is indeed rooted in science and biology; and secondly, as Christians, we have a responsibility to nurture and protect the environment." Trees play a vital role in an ecosystem, offering shade, serving as habitats for various birds and wildlife, minimizing soil erosion, and enhancing air quality. As the development of Genesis Arboretum progressed, an important task was to choose the tree species that would thrive on the grounds of Unity Christian. “Haan mentioned, ‘The Iowa DNR provided us with a list of native trees suitable for Iowa, as the main goal of this grant is to promote diversity among native species. We aimed to include a wide variety of species, and we managed to acquire nearly one of each type available.’” View pictures in App save up to 80% data. Junior Caleb Altena digs a hole while junior Brody Emmelkamp looks on with a shovel on the grounds of Unity Christian High School. Students in Kevin Haan’s earth science course established an arboretum. Photo submitted The area around the school building features a diverse selection of new trees, including three types of oak, a Kentucky coffee tree, two varieties of honey locust, a birch, and a spruce. Arboreta are classified into four accreditation levels, and Genesis Arboretum holds a Level 1 status. To achieve this level, an arboretum must contain a minimum of 25 species of woody plants, whether they be trees or shrubs, and be located in a site that is accessible to the public. This year, Senior Ava Postma is enrolled in Haan’s earth science class, and her family runs Arden Tree Farms located in Washington state. For the project, Ground Effects obtained some of the trees from her family's business. Postma shared, “My great-great-grandfather was one of the original founders, and this tree farm has been a cherished family-owned business for four generations. I aspire to uphold that legacy and hope to play a role in its future. It's incredible to witness how everything is intertwined.” Haan emphasized species diversity while choosing the trees, partly to fulfill the requirements for achieving Level 1 arboretum status. Nevertheless, his decision was influenced by additional considerations as well. "We aim to avoid the situation we're currently facing with the emerald ash borer," stated Haan. The emerald ash borer is a harmful invasive insect that targets ash trees and has been found in all 99 counties of Iowa. Increasing species diversity within arboretums enhances their ability to withstand diseases or pests that can gradually eliminate a specific type of tree. Take the American chestnut, for instance; it was once a prominent tree species in the eastern United States until a foreign chestnut blight fungus started to proliferate in the early 1900s. As a result, this species is now regarded as functionally extinct. Unity Christian has planted new trees throughout its 10-acre campus located on the western side of Orange City. The decision on where to plant these trees was made in partnership with the school's administration and grounds crew. Care was taken to steer clear of areas designated for athletic teams and potential future construction sites. Haan explained, “These areas may not be practical for the daily operations of Unity, yet they still serve a purpose for biology and ecology. We essentially tried to maximize the available space wherever possible. We added a significant amount of greenery on the east side of the property, adjacent to Michigan Avenue, and also planted several trees along the western edge of the parking lot.” The trees next to the parking area also line a cornfield, and in time, they will form a magnificent canopy over an area that was once overrun with weeds and prone to erosion. Day of Planting On a school morning in late October, Haan's earth science students planted saplings that typically ranged in height from 6 to 8 feet. “We had about 32 children out there, digging holes and relocating trees using the Gators,” Haan remarked. “I teamed up with a representative from Ground Effects, and we focused on spacing and determining the ideal locations for each tree, considering factors like size and soil type. After that, I provided the kids with maps and instructed them, ‘Now it's time to place the trees where they belong; let’s start digging those holes.’” A representative from the DNR was present to offer a brief lesson on the advantages of trees and to assist with the planting and mulching process. Esther Eppinga, a junior, and her planting team received detailed guidelines on the appropriate depth and width for the hole designated for the ginkgo tree they were tasked with planting. “It took us thirty minutes to excavate the hole and plant the tree,” Eppinga mentioned. “The hole measured approximately 2½ feet across and was 1 foot deep. For the following weeks, I made sure to water the Royal Raindrops crabapple — we provided it with a bucket of water every other day.” The fall season was surprisingly dry, making the task of watering the newly planted trees a more challenging endeavor than anticipated. Eppinga mentioned, “The toughest aspect of the entire ordeal was when we had to transport 5-pound buckets brimming with water while making an effort to keep our clothes dry.” In addition to enhancing the aesthetic appeal of Unity Christian’s campus, the trees will also serve as valuable educational resources for Haan’s students. View pictures in App save up to 80% data. Image uploaded. “I have a passion for birds, which is why I plan to have the children monitor bird populations and species annually as we continue to plant trees and allow them to mature,” Haan remarked. “Our goal is to increase both the quantity of birds on our land and the variety of species that visit. Trees provide habitat for countless animals and significantly contribute to the resilience of ecosystems.” This spring, he intends to start monitoring more data points with his students. "Once the weather improves a bit, we plan to begin measuring the diameter and circumference of the trees. We'll track these measurements annually to understand growth rates and how they correlate with climate changes and drier autumns," Haan stated. He will ask his students to investigate the relationships between growth rates and various factors, such as weather patterns. Haan mentioned that he has found it easy to engage his students with the arboretum project. "They've truly embraced it and made it their own," he remarked. A proactive student decided to produce a promotional video aimed at raising awareness in the community about the arboretum project and inspiring donations of trees, possibly in memory of a cherished individual. Additionally, this year's class assigned each student, either alone or in pairs, the responsibility of caring for a specific tree. "We had plenty of trees, so I could easily assign one to each child and say, 'This one's yours to take care of' — it helps them feel a sense of responsibility for that tree." During the autumn season, Postma dedicated her time to nurturing her tree. “My tree is an Aspen Prairie Gold,” Postma mentioned. “During the fall season, I made sure to water it every Monday, Wednesday, and Friday, almost without fail.” Haan expressed his desire to plant additional trees on the school property, despite the fact that the current trees take up a significant portion of the designated space. Senior Abby Van Roekel is relishing the benefits of the project to date, which promises to transform the landscape of Unity Christian’s campus for years to come. “We invested a significant amount of time in research and planning to reach this point,” Van Roekel mentioned. “As this is my final year at Unity, I sincerely hope that the students who study earth science next year will appreciate the joy and beauty of God in the work we've initiated.”

Consensus Guidelines for Histological and Clinical Reporting in HS

View pictures in App save up to 80% data. The following is a summary of “Standardized Protocols for Clinical and Histopathological Characterization of Hidradenitis Suppurativa Tissue Specimens,” published in the January 2025 issue of Dermatology by Sampath et al.  The absence of standardized protocols for the description and reporting of clinical and histological features of skin tissue samples from patients with hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) impedes consistent data collection, documentation, and communication. This is essential for advancing translational research, even in light of a recent agreement on the morphology of HS lesions.   A team of researchers carried out a retrospective analysis aimed at developing a standardized protocol for documenting the histopathological and clinical features of HS tissue samples.   A study was conducted between May 2023 and August 2023, involving specialists in clinical care, dermatopathology, and translational research. In total, 27 experts took part, comprising 14 dermatologists, 3 fellowship-trained dermatopathologists, 3 plastic surgeons, 3 general surgeons, and 4 research scientists. The researchers employed a modified Delphi technique to create a protocol aimed at histologic reporting and clinical characterization of tissue samples from patients diagnosed with HS.    The findings indicated that a total of 27 specialists were involved in the creation and assessment of protocols for the clinical and histopathological analysis of HS tissue samples. This cohort comprised 14 dermatologists (51.9%), 3 dermatopathologists with fellowship training (11.1%), 3 plastic surgeons (11.1%), 3 general surgeons (11.1%), and 4 research scientists (14.8%).   Researchers determined that the structured protocols, delivered in the form of a summary report, would promote uniform classification of HS specimens in biobanks according to their histological characteristics. This would lead to improved accuracy in reporting and the selection of samples for translational research initiatives.  You have been educated on information available until October 2023.

Breton, a massive great white shark weighing 1,400 pounds, has made his way back to the shores of Florida.

View pictures in App save up to 80% data. A 13-foot great white shark made a return appearance to the Florida waters Wednesday. The over 1,400-pound male shark, named Breton, has been tracked by researchers since 2020 and last resurfaced near Florida on New Year’s Day in 2024. Breton left the Newfoundland coast in early December and made his way south down the East Coast, according to the OCEARCH tracker.  The marine science organization OCEARCH monitors a shark named Breton, who was initially tagged by scientists in September 2020 close to Scatarie Island in Nova Scotia. He became the first shark to be tagged during OCEARCH's expedition in 2020. Since then, Breton has journeyed an impressive 40,913 miles.  Breton has taken trips to Florida during this season in the past, and in 2022, he gained significant attention when his tag pings suggested he had crafted a self-portrait. The great white shark has traveled up and down the East Coast for the past five years and in 2023, he was “pinged” near the Pamlico Sound on North Carolina’s Outer Banks. Great white sharks range from Maine down to the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Breton isn’t the only great white shark making his way south. Bob, another 13-foot male white shark, was pinged off the Florida coast on Jan. 5, according to the tracker.

Humans Emit Light, But It's Too Faint for Our Eyes to Detect

"The human body truly shines." View pictures in App save up to 80% data. It appears that the human body sparkles in sync with the circadian rhythm. Image credit: Mygate / Shutterstock.com. Living things have been known to glow thanks to a nifty trick called bioluminescence, but it’s something we more typically associate with animals of the deep sea than those stomping around surface-side. It may surprise you, then, to learn that bioluminescence has been detected in humans. That’s right, we glow in the dark – it’s just really, really, really faint. That was the discovery made by researchers in a 2009 study who used incredibly sensitive cameras to effectively watch naked people sleep. Bit creepy, sure, but it also shone a light on the light that we unknowingly emit. "The researchers noted that 'the human body actually emits a subtle glow.' As for the reason we can't perceive it? 'The brightness of the light released by the body is a thousand times dimmer than what our unaided eyes can detect.'" The shimmering phenomenon was noticed in five men in their twenties who were placed under standard light-dark settings and encouraged to take short naps in front of a cryogenic charge-coupled device (CCD) camera capable of sensing light down to the level of a single photon. The researchers pointed out that the camera needed to function at a temperature of –120 °C (-184 °F), but thankfully, the participants did not have to endure such extreme conditions. View pictures in App save up to 80% data. A. Overview of the experimental configuration. B–F. Photographs depicting ultraweak photon emissions from the human body, showcasing the subject illuminated by light. G. Calibration scale for the estimated radiation intensity on the skin's surface. H. Daily patterns of photon emission from the faces and bodies of 5 participants. I. A representative thermographic image of the subject from sections B-G. Image credit: Kobayashi et al., PLoS One 2009 (CC BY 4.0) They were, however, routinely sampled for saliva to measure cortisol levels, and had their surface and oral temperature checked before and after photon measurements were taken. Cortisol is a biomarker of endogenous circadian rhythms, which the researchers wanted to have tracked so that they could compare it against any changes observed on the camera. Interestingly, our natural radiance appears to fluctuate throughout the day, peaking in our facial glow. The driving force behind this variation is probably linked to our circadian rhythms. Chronobiology is a branch of science that studies cyclical physiological phenomena, and it’s established that the circadian clock is the main regulator of metabolism. We see it in the way we burn up glucose and consume oxygen, both of which – the researchers say – show robust rhythms in the main mammalian circadian center. The mitochondria, often referred to as the "powerhouse" of the cell, generate energy essential for our survival, but in the process, they also release small quantities of reactive oxygen species (ROS) as byproducts. These ROS engage with various molecules such as proteins, lipids, and fluorophores, resulting in excited states that emit biophotons. This phenomenon is what causes "the human body to shimmer in harmony with the circadian clock." Oh, look at us, all dressed up! Bioluminescence relies on enzymatic activity to glow, but there’s also another way that living things can glow and we’re increasingly finding it in more and more species.

10 Key Discoveries About the Ancient Large-Cranial Fossils Found in Northern China

View pictures in App save up to 80% data. Wikimedia Commons The unearthing of ancient human fossils at the Xujiayao site in northern China stands out as one of the most captivating archaeological discoveries. Scientists have found 21 fossil fragments, and the unique characteristics of their skulls have raised many inquiries regarding the course of human evolution. Below are ten intriguing revelations about these “big-headed” individuals and the information their remains provide. The Significance of Xujiayao in Prehistoric Times View pictures in App save up to 80% data. Flappiefh/Wikimedia Commons The Xujiayao archaeological site, located in northern China, is estimated to be around 125,000 to 100,000 years old. It provides valuable insights into an era when archaic humans lived alongside early modern humans. This site is particularly significant due to the finding of hominin fossils that exhibit distinctly large cranial capacities. What Makes Their Skulls Distinctive? View pictures in App save up to 80% data. Erald Mecani/维基百科  Cranial remains discovered at the Xujiayao site indicate that brain sizes varied from 1,600 to 1,800 cubic centimeters, surpassing those of contemporary humans and Neanderthals. Scientists are currently exploring whether this brain size correlates with cognitive functions or represents evolutionary responses to particular environmental challenges. Characteristics That Combine Tradition and Modernity View pictures in App save up to 80% data. Hong Ao/Wikipedia Page  The fossils exhibit an intriguing combination of ancient and contemporary characteristics. The robust cranial walls and prominent brow ridges are reminiscent of Homo erectus, while the larger braincases and rounded skulls are more akin to those of early Homo sapiens. This blend of features suggests a complicated evolutionary history. Connections to Denisovans View pictures in App save up to 80% data. Gary Todd/Wikipedia Page  Certain researchers propose a link between the Xujiayao individuals and Denisovans, a hominin group that is not well understood but has been identified through genetic evidence. The hypothesis gains support from observed similarities in skull structure and their close geographical location, although definitive DNA evidence to confirm this connection is still lacking. Insights From Burnt Remains View pictures in App save up to 80% data. Laurentius/Wikipedia 可能指的是有关Laurentius的维基百科页面。Laurentius通常与历史人物、地方或文化相关联，具体内容可能包括他的生平、贡献及相关事件。您可以在维基百科上查找更多详细信息和背景资料。  The presence of ash deposits and charred animal bones at the site indicates the deliberate use of fire, a key characteristic of sophisticated hominin activity. Fire offered not only warmth and safety from predators but also significantly contributed to cooking, enhancing food digestibility and increasing energy consumption.  What Their Teeth Disclose View pictures in App save up to 80% data. SSYoung/Wikipedia Unique dental characteristics, including shovel-shaped incisors, offer insights into the dietary habits of the Xujiayao people, suggesting they consumed tough and fibrous foods. The presence of thick enamel and noticeable wear patterns on their teeth indicates a varied diet that likely included raw vegetation, meat, and potentially hard items such as tubers or nuts. Social Organization and Support Systems View pictures in App save up to 80% data. Skinner Prout/Wikipedia   The existence of individuals spanning different age groups suggests a well-organized and unified social community. Fossils of older members, some displaying evidence of healed wounds or signs of aging, further support this notion. Such a degree of social structure implies that this community likely placed a high value on collaboration and support for one another. The Potential for Interbreeding View pictures in App save up to 80% data. Wolfgang Sauber/Wikipedia页面 The characteristics found in the Xujiayao fossils suggest the likelihood of interbreeding among different hominin species. Both genetic and anatomical findings indicate potential interactions with Denisovans, Neanderthals, or early Homo sapiens. This interbreeding might account for the unique mix of ancient and contemporary traits identified in these fossils. The Enigma of Thick Skull Bones View pictures in App save up to 80% data. Xiu-Jie Wu / Wikimedia Commons  The Xujiayao fossils exhibit exceptionally thick cranial bones, which have led to a range of hypotheses among scientists. One possibility is that these robust skulls offered enhanced protection during confrontations or mishaps. Another theory suggests that this trait could be an evolutionary response to environmental pressures, such as frigid temperatures or increased levels of physical exertion. Innovation in Tools for Adaptation View pictures in App save up to 80% data. Gary Todd/Wikipedia Page  The sophisticated tools discovered at the Xujiayao site showcase the creativity and resourcefulness of its early inhabitants. Made from materials sourced in the surrounding area, these implements reflect not only remarkable craftsmanship but also the cognitive foresight necessary to design objects tailored for particular functions. Comparative Analysis Across Asia View pictures in App save up to 80% data. Xiu-Jie Wu / Wikimedia Commons  The Xujiayao fossils exhibit significant resemblances to other Pleistocene finds in China, such as the Dali and Jinniushan skulls. These similarities offer crucial information regarding the variety of hominin groups in East Asia. Through the comparison of these discoveries, researchers are slowly unraveling the intricate narrative of human evolution within this area.

Researchers discuss concerning potential consequences of a reversal in Earth's magnetic field, while NASA remains vigilant about a 'dent' in the magnetic shield.

It has the potential to inflict significant harm. View pictures in App save up to 80% data. There are countless factors that contribute to Earth's ability to support human life and a vast array of other organisms. However, one crucial element stands out: the planet's magnetic field. A protective blanket surrounding Earth, it does the business and more when it comes to protecting life from nasty storms heading towards the planet. Most of that comes from the Sun in the form of solar wind. If we didn't have the magnetic field, we'd suffer a fate similar to what Mars looks like nowadays. Cold, barren, and ultimately all the telltale signs of a planet that used to have life. It is this magnetic field that has recently got NASA scientists on high alert following the identification of a 'dent' in the protective cover; an area known as the South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA). At the heart of Earth's magnetic field lie the magnetic poles, located at the northern and southern extremes of the planet. These poles function as pivotal points in a never-ending circuit, allowing invisible magnetic field lines to flow continuously. The video below offers a visual representation of this phenomenon: What would occur if it were to reverse? Would humanity manage to cope if this event took place while we inhabit the Earth? This occurrence takes place roughly once every hundred thousand years in the timeline of Earth's development. Reversing the magnetic field Since the beginning of Earth as we know it, scientists reckon there has been at least 183 occasions where the planet's magnetic poles have flipped. The timing of their flipping is completely unpredictable, occurring at intervals ranging from 10,000 years to as long as 50 million years. It's quite a vast range of time! The most recent magnetic pole reversal occurred 780,000 years ago, an event known as the Brunhes-Matuyama reversal. View pictures in App save up to 80% data. The planet Earth is enveloped by a magnetic field (Getty Stock Images) Will it turn again in the near future? The South Atlantic Anomaly has raised concerns that we may be approaching this situation once more. Initially identified in 1958, the South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA) is a region where the Earth's magnetic field is notably less intense compared to its surrounding areas. Extending from South America across the southern Atlantic Ocean to Africa, this region covers a vast expanse of the Earth. Essentially, this signifies that this segment of the planet has reduced shielding from cosmic hazards compared to other areas (which also applies to satellites traversing this orbiting zone). A 2018 study suggests that the next flip is not expected to occur in the near future. Richard Holme from the University of Liverpool stated, "There have been discussions suggesting that we may soon face a magnetic polar reversal or excursion." "Nonetheless, our analysis of the last two major excursion events, which occurred around 31,400 and 34,000 years ago, reveals that neither of these events bears any similarity to the current shifts in the geomagnetic field. Consequently, it seems improbable that a similar occurrence is imminent." "Our findings indicate that the presently weakened field is expected to bounce back without the occurrence of a drastic event, making a reversal improbable." View pictures in App save up to 80% data. Is it possible for the north to transform into the south? (Getty Stock Images) If the Earth's magnetic field were to flip, a phenomenon known as geomagnetic reversal, several potential impacts could occur. First, the magnetic field protects the planet from solar and cosmic radiation. A weakened or altered magnetic field during a flip might allow more radiation to reach the Earth's surface, which could affect electronic systems and increase radiation exposure for living organisms. Additionally, navigational systems that rely on magnetic compasses might be thrown off, creating challenges for wildlife that depend on magnetic cues for migration. The flip could also influence atmospheric conditions, possibly leading to changes in weather patterns. However, it's important to note that geomagnetic reversals are natural processes that have occurred many times throughout Earth's history, and life has persisted through these events. While there may be some short-term disruptions, the long-term effects are still a subject of scientific study. This would be quite troubling news, as it would lead to significant changes in our way of life. Jean-Pierre Valet, a geomagnetic reversal researcher at the Institute of Earth Physics in Paris, stated, "One of the most significant effects observed during pole reversals is a substantial reduction in the overall intensity of the magnetic field." In other terms, we would face a significant reduction in the overall shielding provided by the magnetic field. Considering that the reversal process spans from 1,000 to 10,000 years, this duration would likely result in considerable losses over an extended period. View pictures in App save up to 80% data. The Earth's magnetic field (Getty Stock Images / NASA) Monika Korte, the scientific director of the Niemegk Geomagnetic Observatory at GFZ Potsdam in Germany, explained, "The transition is not abrupt; instead, it unfolds gradually. Initially, the magnetic field's strength diminishes, likely becoming more intricate and potentially exhibiting multiple poles for a period. Eventually, it regains strength and realigns in the opposite direction." During this 1,000 to 10,000-year period, humans may find themselves at their most susceptible, possibly experiencing heightened impacts from solar storms that could adversely affect us on Earth, leading to a rise in skin cancer incidents. Regarding the possibility of it being an extinction-level event, scientists remain uncertain, with many expressing skepticism. Korte elaborated: "Even if the magnetic field weakens considerably, the atmosphere protects us from radiation at the Earth's surface. Just as we cannot perceive or sense the geomagnetic field at present, we are unlikely to detect any substantial changes during a reversal." Although we may not face extinction from the perils of outer space, our technology would suffer greatly. Satellites could be disabled, GPS systems would be inoperable, and widespread power failures could occur worldwide. Such occurrences could severely impact life on our planet, interfering with food supply, healthcare systems, international transportation, and internet connectivity. The silver lining is that these changes unfold slowly, allowing humanity the opportunity to respond as challenges emerge.

How to view the first complete 'Wolf' moon of 2025 and the story behind its name

Full Moons are eagerly awaited occasions in the lunar calendar. Here’s how you can catch the first full 'Wolf Moon' of 2025. View pictures in App save up to 80% data. The 'Wolf Moon' is set to illuminate the night sky shortly. Skywatchers won't have to wait much longer for the first full Moon of the year to illuminate our night skies. A full Moon occurs when the side of the Moon facing the Earth is fully illuminated by the Sun. It rises around sunset and sets around sunrise. The upcoming full Moon is scheduled for Monday, January 13, 2025. It will attain its full phase at 10:26 PM GMT, although the times for moonrise will differ based on your specific location within the UK. The same side of the Moon always faces Earth. NASA says this is due to the interplay of gravity between the Earth and Moon slowing the moon into a rotation at the same speed it orbits Earth – a process known as being ‘tidally locked’. During the course of the lunar month, observers of the Moon can witness the movement of the terminator, which is the dividing line between the illuminated and dark portions of the lunar surface. When a full Moon occurs, the side of the Moon that faces Earth is completely illuminated. The term 'Wolf Moon' is derived from Native American traditions, where it was used to describe the first full moon of January. This name reflects the time of year when wolves were often heard howling in the cold winter nights, as they ventured out in search of food. The name has since been adopted into modern culture and is commonly used to refer to this specific full moon. The term "Wolf Moon" refers to the second full moon of the winter season and marks the first full moon of the new year. This name is thought to have come from Indigenous peoples in North America, as it was during this time that the sounds of wolves howling could often be heard in the night. View pictures in App save up to 80% data. The 'Wolf Moon' marks the initial full Moon of the new year. Dr. Darren Baskill, an astrophysicist at the University of Sussex, explains, “Some European cultures refer to the January Full Moon as the Wolf Moon, inspired by the haunting howls of wolves that echo through the winter as they hunt for sustenance.” “Wolves were hunted to extinction in the UK just 250 years ago, being Britain’s last apex predator to go extinct,” Baskill told BBC Science Focus. “But their presence is still remembered today through the oral tradition of the names of the Full Moon.” Every month features a unique name for its full Moon. For instance, June is known for its 'Strawberry Moon,' while September is referred to as the 'Corn Moon.' Full Moon schedule for the remainder of 2025. Monday, January 13 — Wolf Moon Wednesday, February 12 — Snow Moon Friday, March 14 — Worm Moon Saturday, April 12 — Pink Moon Monday, May 12 — Flower Moon Wednesday, June 11 — Strawberry Moon Thursday, July 10 — Buck Moon Saturday, August 9 — Sturgeon Moon Sunday, September 7 — Corn Moon Monday, October 6 — Hunter’s Moon (Supermoon) Wednesday, November 5 — Beaver Moon (Supermoon)

California and Washington Rank Among the Top 5 States with the Highest Grocery Costs

View pictures in App save up to 80% data. Timmy! After my recent grocery store visit, I looked at the receipt, and my jaw dropped. My wife typically handles the grocery shopping because, in her opinion, I can't be relied upon (and she’s not wrong). The total cost for a bag of groceries along with a case of soda came to $64. I was aware that prices were soaring, but wow, I really wasn't keeping track. After my shock, the article from TheHill.com really didn’t surprise me at all. All I can say is thank goodness we’re not shopping in California! View pictures in App save up to 80% data. Canva On average, American households spend more than $1,000 a month on groceries, breaking down to just about $270 a week, according to a new study via HelpAdvisor. HelpAdvisor ran the numbers from the U.S. Census Bureau to fill a shopping bag with stats. It's hardly surprising that families with kids tend to have higher expenses, but the fact that they spend nearly 41% more than those without children is striking. (My wife and I only have a dog, and I'm pretty sure our little fur-ball wasn't part of this survey). Which States Have the Highest Grocery Expenditures? When analyzing the data by state (recall my comment about how grateful we are not to be grocery shopping in California?), it turns out that California has the highest average weekly grocery expenditure for families, which stands at $297.72. Washington ranks 4th, following Nevada and Mississippi, with an average store expenditure of $287.67. Who spends the most on groceries at stores in Washington? Seattle takes the lead with the highest prices! Moving to California, San Francisco holds the top spot, closely followed by Los Angeles. Are you surprised by these stats? How do you save money at the store? Comparison shop? Coupons? Five Finger Discount? Tap the App and let us know! CHECK IT OUT: 20 American dishes that surprise people from other countries Stacker compiled a list of 20 unusual and uniquely American foods that might raise eyebrows outside the U.S. Gallery Acknowledgment: Charlotte Barnett Top grocery store chains in the United States The most popular grocery stores in America, from corporate chains to family-owned enterprises. Stacker ranked them using consumer ratings sourced from YouGov polls. Gallery Acknowledgment: Stacker

Traffic Notice: Vale Street (January 9 & 13)

Weather permitting, on Thursday, January 9th, work crews from the Hagerstown Light Department will be replacing a utility pole on Vale Street.  In order to give the crews space to perform the work, a temporary street closure will be required.   Therefore, beginning at 9:00 AM, Vale Street will be closed to traffic between Security Road and Jefferson Street.  Motorists approaching the closure will be required to detour via other City streets, and will encounter cones, barricades, and other traffic control devices.  It is anticipated that the work will be completed, and the street reopened to traffic, by 1:30 Thursday afternoon.  This same closure will be repeated on January 13th, weather permitting.   Emergency vehicles will not be able to pass through Vale Street while the closure is in effect. For any inquiries related to this advisory, please reach out to the Hagerstown Light Department at 301-739-8577, extension 578.    View pictures in App save up to 80% data.